Medical Diagnostics

Medical Diagnostics
Diagnosis in Medicine may be defined as "the recognition of a disease or condition by its outward signs and symptoms and the analysis of the underlying physiological/biochemical cause(s) of a disease or condition". Medical dignosis is the process of identifying a medical condition or disease by its signs, symptoms, and from the results of various diagnostic procedures. The conclusion reached through this process is called a diagnosis. The term "diagnostic criteria" designates the combination of signs, symptoms, and test results that allows the doctor to ascertain the diagnosis of the respective disease. The physician typically tries to get information from patient about his/her present condition, history of the patient's illness and then physically examine him for signs of disease. The physician will formulate a hypothesis of likely diagnoses and in many cases will obtain further testing to confirm or clarify the diagnosis before providing treatment. Medical tests commonly performed are measuring blood pressure, checking the pulse rate, listening to the heart with a stethoscope, urine tests, fecal tests, saliva tests, blood tests, medical imaging, electrocardiogram, and occasionally biopsy. It is important not only to diagnose the disease but the cause of the disease. Advances in medicine helps us to find out the root cause as authentic cures can be obtained by correcting the causal abnormalities. If causalities are assumed to be unknown, then palliative treatments to reduce symptoms are the best treatments possible. To Know more about Medical Diagnostics Click here

Plane Geometry

The world is built of shape and space, and geometry is its mathematics. Geometry, branch of mathematics, is the study of the size, shape and position of 2 dimensional shapes and 3 dimensional figures. However, geometry is used daily by almost everyone. Geometry in nature is everywhere, for example: proportions of the human body, shape of a shell and so on. Not only in nature, geometry is found everywhere: in art, architecture, engineering, robotics, land surveys, astronomy and much more. In geometry, one explores spatial sense and geometric reasoning. When taking geometry, spatial reasoning and problem solving skills will be developed. Geometry is linked to many other topics in math, specifically measurement. In the early years of geometry the focus tends to be on shapes and solids, then moves to properties and relationships of shapes and solids and as abstract thinking progresses, geometry becomes much more about analysis and reasoning. For More Information Visit wonderwhizkids

Properties of Matter

It had taken our species millions of years to build an airplane that flew like a bird. The historic flight of Wright brothers lifted into the air at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, USA, on December 17, 1903, at 10:35 A.M. It was the first time a self–powered airplane, controlled by a human, had flown for any significant amount of time. Amazingly, however, once we had learned how exactly airplanes flew, it took us only fifty years to build a space craft. The credit goes to Daniel Bernoulli, whose seminal work in hydrodynamics enabled Zhukovsky and others to get us off the ground. Daniel Bernoulli's discovery also led to the invention of Sphygmomanometer, the painless, inflatable Blood pressure measuring device which we are familiar with, by an Italian doctor Scipione Riva – Rocci in 1896. The contributions of great scientists–Archimedes, Robert Boyle, Blaise Pascal, Leonardo da Vinci changed the world we live. Let's understand the laws that govern the behavior of matter in all its states – solids, liquids and gases and their effects on the environment.

Chemical Reactions

Nature is wonderful and fascinating. If we can understand the Chemistry that is happening underneath all that you see, smell or taste, it is even more fascinating. The colors and the smells of nature bring subtle messages of infinite variety. The basis for all this variety is the myriad transformations at the molecular level. A firefly emits light due to a chemical reaction in which a compound called luciferin is converted to oxyluciferin. The flavour of vanilla, for example is perceived when the compound, vanillin is absorbed by the sensory organs. The flavour of chocolate is based on not just one but a wide assortment of carbon based molecules, significant one being tetramethylpylazine, which has a ring of nitrogen and carbon atoms attached in a particular fashion. Life on Earth would not have evolved but for photosynthesis in plants. Photosynthesis is a chemical reaction by which plants are able to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen in presence of sunlight. So, to appreciate and understand the world around us, it is essential to understand the laws that govern the innumerable possible combinations of the basic elements of nature.

Chemical Reactions

Nature is wonderful and fascinating. If we can understand the Chemistry that is happening underneath all that you see, smell or taste, it is even more fascinating. The colors and the smells of nature bring subtle messages of infinite variety. The basis for all this variety is the myriad transformations at the molecular level. A firefly emits light due to a chemical reaction in which a compound called luciferin is converted to oxyluciferin. The flavour of vanilla, for example is perceived when the compound, vanillin is absorbed by the sensory organs. The flavour of chocolate is based on not just one but a wide assortment of carbon based molecules, significant one being tetramethylpylazine, which has a ring of nitrogen and carbon atoms attached in a particular fashion. Life on Earth would not have evolved but for photosynthesis in plants. Photosynthesis is a chemical reaction by which plants are able to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen in presence of sunlight. So, to appreciate and understand the world around us, it is essential to understand the laws that govern the innumerable possible combinations of the basic elements of nature.

Chemical Reactions Online | Home School Online Science Library - Chemical Reactions

Statistics

Statistics is a mathematical science which deals with the collection, analysis, interpretation or explanation, and presentation of data. In ancient times, the government used to collect the information regarding the ‘population’ and ‘property or wealth’ of the country – the former enabling the government to have an idea of the manpower of the country (to safeguard itself against external aggression, if any), and the latter providing it a basis for introducing new taxes and levies.
Statistics provides tools for prediction and forecasting based on data. It is applicable to a wide variety of academic disciplines, from the natural and social sciences to the humanities, government and business. Statistics plays an important role in business, because it provides the quantitative basis for arriving at decisions in all matters. All types of banks make use of statistics for a number of purposes. Statistics has proved to be of immense use in physics and chemistry. It has given a new understanding to the essential qualities of the laws of nature. For More information on Statistics Visit our Home Science Library Wonderwhizkids/Maths/Statistics

Health

World Health Organization (WHO) defined health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well–being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity" which was later modified to include the ability to lead a "socially and economically productive life". In the medical field, the technical term for health is homeostasis, an organism's ability to efficiently respond to challenges (stressors) and effectively restore and sustain a "state of balance". Health care is the prevention, treatment and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well being through the services offered by the medical, nursing and allied health professionals. Nutrition is the science that studies how what people eat affects their health and performance, foods and dietary supplements that improve performance, promote health, and cure or prevent disease. Diet such as fresh fruits, vegetables, and foods rich in certain fatty acids may foster a healthy immune system, which protects the body from infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion. An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an organism that protects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells. To Know more about Health visit our complete educational  Webportal wonderwhizkids/Biology/Health

Cells–Fundamental Units Of Life

Cells are basic units of structure and function for all living organisms and the structural order in cells forms the basis for properties of life including interaction with environment, movement, energy processing, growth, reproduction and evolution. Some organisms such as amoebas and most bacteria are single cells while plants and animals are multi cellular. Humans have an estimated 100 trillion cells and each cell can carry out specialized functions with its own set of instructions stored within the cell for carrying out various activities. There are two types of cells: eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Prokaryotic cells are usually independent, while eukaryotic cells are usually found in multicellular organisms. Prokaryotes are distinguished from eukaryotes on the basis of nuclear organization, specifically their lack of a nuclear membrane. Nucleus which houses the cell’s chromosomes and is the place where almost all DNA replication and RNA synthesis occur, gives the eukaryote its name, which means "true nucleus". For more information about 'Cells' visit our web site wonderwhizkids/Biology/Cells

Interesting Science sites

Interesting Science web sites one must visit for sure.

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Water

Life on this planet Earth is sustained because of the unique properties of water. Water is the medium of life carrying nutrients through our body and supporting millions of biochemical reactions in our body to keep us alive. Water exists in nature in all three physical states of matter: solid, liquid and gas. Water is more dense in liquid form than in solid form because of the unique bonding and structure of the water molecule. The floating ice on top of the denser liquid water in water bodies insulates the rest of the water from the freezing temperatures and thereby saving the aquatic life. To know more about Water Please Visit our Source website wonderwhizkids/Chemistry/Water

Mechanics

On July 20, 1969 at 3.18 P.M. Houston time, as 600 Million people watched, the lunar lander come to rest on the moon and NASA succeeded in its mission of landing a man on the moon. A short while later, as the world watched Neil Armstrong take his first step onto the moon, those same NASA engineers cheered: "That's one small step for man,” Armstrong intoned, ”one giant leap for Mankind". It was a historic moment made possible by the historic universal gravity equations of Sir Isaac Newton. NASA scientists applied Newton's equation to three objects simultaneously – earth, moon and spaceship – a three body problem and calculated the safest and cheapest way to reach the moon and back along a route shaped like a figure – eight which is the most simple and optimal path. Any other shape, was either more dangerous or more wasteful of rocket fuel. Further this simple trajectory ensured safe return to earth in case the mission is to be aborted at the last moment. Newton's equation predicted, no fuel would be required, as the moon's gravitational pull would automatically sling the spaceship around and on to the return leg the figure – eight. Explore the science of Mechanics to know more about – Motion and Laws of Motion, Energy and its Transformations Here

Algebra

Algebra is the branch of mathematics that deals with numbers and their relations, properties of operations and the structures these operations are defined on. Elementary Algebra that follows the study of arithmetic is mostly occupied with operations on sets of whole and rational numbers and solving first and second order equations. The word "algebra" is a shortened misspelled transliteration of an Arabic title al–jebr w’al–muqabalah by the Persian mathematician known as al–Khowarismi. The al–jebr part means "reunion of broken parts", the second part al–muqabalah translates as "to place in front of, to balance, to oppose, to set equal. " Together they describe symbol manipulations common in algebra: combining like terms, moving a term to the other side of an equation, etc. Robert Recorde (c. 1510–1558), the inventor of the symbol "=" of equality, was the first to use the term algebra in its mathematical meaning. An important development in algebra that took place in the 16thcentury was the introduction of symbols for the unknown and for algebraic powers. The history of algebra began in ancient Egypt and Babylon, where people learned to solve linear (ax = b) and quadratic (ax 2 + bx = c) equations, as well as indeterminate equations such as x 2 + y 2 = z 2. The Hindus recognised that quadratic equations have two roots and included negative as well as irrational roots.

Exploring Life

The great variety of species that exist today on our planet evolved over a period of time. The environment and the biological evolution are closely related leading to rich diversity of life. The evolution of photosynthetic organisms that released oxygen into the air, followed by emergence of homo sapiens transformed the life on earth. Some of the important properties and processes that associate with life are ordered structure, evolutionary adaptation, response to the environment, regulation, energy processing, growth and development and reproduction. Flow of energy from sunlight and the feedback mechanisms in biological systems sustain life. Exploring life in its entirety starts from the microscopic molecules and cells that make up organisms to the macroscopic view of entire planet including the biosphere and ecosystems. Biosphere includes most regions of land, bodies of water such as lakes, rivers and oceans and the atmosphere to an altitude of several miles.  Diversity is the hallmark of life as the total species count range between 10 million to 200 million while biologists have so far named about 1.8 million species which can be grouped under three domains or five kingdoms. Even though there is so much of diversity we can also find remarkable unity especially at molecular and cellular levels. The universal genetic language of DNA is common to organisms as different as bacteria and animals. Darwin’s theory of evolution by way of descent with modification and natural selection explains this unity and diversity. The rain forest orchids reflect the unity in diversity through variations in their form and colour while all of them belong to the same species with common characteristics such as lip like petals that attract pollinating insects and provides a landing platform for the pollinators. Exploring life in its entirety helps us to have a panoramic view of the unity in the diversity of life. For More Detailed Knowledge on this Topic Visit  wonderwhizkids/Biology/Exploring Life

Air

Most of the Earth's atmosphere is contained within 30 kilometers of the planet’s surface. This atmosphere provides oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and other gases needed by living organisms. In the stratosphere at an altitude of 20 to 30 kilometers lies the ozone layer. Ozone present in stratosphere is of great benefit to life on the Earth as it absorbs ultraviolet radiation, which is harmful to living tissues in our body. The discovery of ozone hole with depletion of ozone over Antarctic continent demonstrates the potential threat to stratospheric ozone posed by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). In a number of ways, however, human activities are sources of air pollution resulting in smog, especially over urban areas. Earth absorbs the solar energy and radiates infrared waves. Green house gases (carbon dioxide, water vapor and other select gases) absorb and re–emit much of this infrared energy back to the ground. This process, called the greenhouse effect, helps keep the Earth warm. Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation are responsible for increase in green house gases, which will result in global warming. Rise in temperatures and its potential effects may lead us for ice age or warm deserts. Developing alternative energy sources, searching for drought–resistant crop strains and negotiating international agreements offer widespread benefits.

Genetics

Genetics, a discipline of biology, is the science of heredity and variation in living organisms. The continuity of life depends on the inheritance of biological information in the form of DNA molecules. The research kindled by curiosity about the origin and nature of life, lead to breakthroughs in genetics and cell biology. The discoveries are certainly going to transform medicine and improve our quality of life. Knowledge of the inheritance of characteristics has been implicitly used since prehistoric times for improving crop plants and animals through selective breeding. However, the modern science of genetics, which seeks to understand the mechanisms of inheritance, only began with the work of Gregor Mendel in the mid–1800s. Although he did not know the physical basis for heredity, Mendel observed that inheritance is fundamentally a discrete process with specific traits that are inherited in an independent manner – these basic units of inheritance are now called genes. Following the rediscovery of Mendel’s observations in the early 1900s, research in 1910s yielded the first physical understanding of inheritance – that genes are arranged linearly along large cellular structures called chromosomes. By the 1950s it was understood that the core of a chromosome was a long molecule called DNA and genes existed as linear sections within the molecule. A single strand of DNA is a chain of four types of nucleotides; hereditary information is contained within the sequence of these nucleotides. Solved by Watson and Crick in 1953, DNA's three–dimensional structure is a double–stranded helix, with the nucleotides on each strand complementary to each other. Each strand acts as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand, providing the physical mechanism for the inheritance of information. Find More knowledge base on wonderwhizkids/Genetics

Heat

Scientists have studied the subject of heat as if their lives depended on it : Their lives – all lives – did depend on heat. The tremendous amount of heat from the 'Sun' – 17 million billion kilowatt – hours' worth everyday powered all the plants on Earth, their leaves – tiny solar panels – converting sun shine into biomass and physical movement through the process of 'Photosynthesis'. Plants, in turn sustained humans. The Sun was like the furnace of a gigantic steam engine, producing heat that powered the earth and everything on it. Heat energy is the life sustaining energy. We inhale oxygen, which is absorbed in the blood through the lungs. Oxygen is supplied to the cells through the blood stream. In the cells this oxygen combines with glucose to release CO2 , H2O and heat energy. This heat released is responsible for the functioning of human bodies. The same mechanism works more or less in all life forms.

For More Information on the topics of heat such as Change of State Heat Transfer Thermodynamics Heat Engines Refer to the link below wonderwhizkids.com/Physics/Heat

Sound

The chirping of birds, music and the very basis of communication is “Sound”. We couldn't have expressed our thoughts and feelings but for our ability to understand, create and modify the language of "Sound". One of the major applications of Sound is ”Accoustics” a branch of civil and architecture engineering. Here engineers study how a construction and human hearing are affected by the sound waves. SONAR, a strategic technology used to identify the targets in a war, won the second world war for its victors and still continues to be a powerful aid for naval defence strategists. The Navy does not only use sonar for this reason. Sonar is also useful to detect objects in the way of the ships. It is thus clear that understanding sound is important for an in-depth analysis of many fields. So, enrich and enliven your life with understanding of the "fundamental laws of sound". For More Information visit  wonderwhizkids .